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      操作系统期末考试——6
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    <h2 id="磁盘存储器管理"><a href="#磁盘存储器管理" class="headerlink" title="磁盘存储器管理"></a>磁盘存储器管理</h2><h3 id="连续组织的原理及优缺点"><a href="#连续组织的原理及优缺点" class="headerlink" title="连续组织的原理及优缺点"></a>连续组织的原理及优缺点</h3><p>又称连续分配方式：要求为每一个文件分配一组相邻接的盘块。通常它们都位于一条磁道上，磁道已满，再分配下一条磁道；<br>顺序文件结构：在采用连续分配方式时，可把逻辑文件中的记录顺序地存储到邻接的各物理盘块中，此时的物理文件称顺序文件。</p>
<p><strong>优点</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>存取速度快，系统开销小；</li>
<li>当文件记录定长时，可以进行随机定位访问。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>缺点</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>文件进行动态扩充困难，删除部分内容处理不便；</li>
<li>文件增加、删除后，容易形成磁盘碎片。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="链接组织的原理及优缺点"><a href="#链接组织的原理及优缺点" class="headerlink" title="链接组织的原理及优缺点"></a>链接组织的原理及优缺点</h3><p>一个文件的信息存放在若干不连续的物理盘块中，各块之间通过指针连接，前一个物理盘块指向下一个物理盘块。<br>链接组织方式：通过在每个盘块上的链接，将同属于一个文件的多个离散的盘块链接成一个链表，形成的物理文件称为链接文件<br>链接组织方式又分为隐式链接和显式链接两种方式。</p>
<p><strong>优点</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>解决存储介质上的碎片问题，提高了存储空间的利用率；</li>
<li>文件的动态增长、删除部分内容等处理方便。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>缺点</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>链接文件不能进行随机访问，只能按照文件的存储块链顺序访问，查找效率较低。</li>
<li>链接文件需要“指针”的额外空间开销。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="索引组织的原理及优缺点"><a href="#索引组织的原理及优缺点" class="headerlink" title="索引组织的原理及优缺点"></a>索引组织的原理及优缺点</h3><p>一个文件的信息存放在若干不连续物理块中，系统为每个文件建立一个专用数据结构— —索引表，并将这些块的块号存放在一个索引表中；<br>分为单级索引分配、多级索引分配和混合索引分配方式</p>
<p><strong>单级索引组织方式</strong><br>索引分配方法为每个文件分配一个索引块（表），该文件的所有盘块号，都记录在该索引块中。</p>
<p><strong>优点</strong><br>索引文件可以做到随机访问，访问速度快，文件长度增减也很容易；</p>
<p><strong>缺点</strong><br>索引文件空间开销是最大的：花费较多的外存空间。由于每个文件通常需要一个专门的盘块作为索引块。对于小文件采用索引方式时，其索引块的利用率极低。<br>索引文件的存取过程复杂，访问策略的不同对文件系统的效率影响较大。</p>
<p><img  srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20300'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src="https://api2.mubu.com/v3/document_image/40409e08-01e6-4b8e-886a-f2725d2d19d8-3807603.jpg" class="lozad post-image"src="https://api2.mubu.com/v3/document_image/40409e08-01e6-4b8e-886a-f2725d2d19d8-3807603.jpg"></p>
<p><strong>多级索引组织方式</strong><br>大文件需要多个索引块→索引块的组织问题</p>
<p><strong>解决办法</strong><br>为这些索引块再建立一级索引，称为第一级索引，即系统再分配一个索引块，作为第一级索引的索引块，将第一块，第二块，…，等索引块的盘块号，填入到此索引表中。这样形成了两级索引分配方式。<br>如果文件非常大时，还可用三级、四级索引分配方式。</p>
<p><strong>混合索引组织方式</strong><br>将多种索引组织方式（直接地址，一级索引组织方式，二级索引组织方式等）相结合而形成的一种组织方式。<br><strong>好处</strong>：根据文件大小定组织方式</p>
<h2 id="隐式链接与显式链接"><a href="#隐式链接与显式链接" class="headerlink" title="隐式链接与显式链接"></a>隐式链接与显式链接</h2><h3 id="隐式链接"><a href="#隐式链接" class="headerlink" title="隐式链接"></a>隐式链接</h3><p>文件目录的每个目录项，都须含有指向链接文件第一盘块和最后一个盘块的指针。每个盘块中都含有一个指向下一个盘块的指针。</p>
<p><strong>问题</strong>：它只适合于顺序访问，它对随机访问是极其低效的（需外存磁盘访问），并且可靠性较差。</p>
<p><strong>解决方案</strong>：将几个盘块组成一个簇（cluster)，以减少查找指定块的时间。易形成“簇内碎片”问题</p>
<p><img  srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20300'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src="https://api2.mubu.com/v3/document_image/2b158582-f7d8-425c-ae66-330350e3f2ef-3807603.jpg" class="lozad post-image"src="https://api2.mubu.com/v3/document_image/2b158582-f7d8-425c-ae66-330350e3f2ef-3807603.jpg"></p>
<h3 id="显式链接"><a href="#显式链接" class="headerlink" title="显式链接"></a>显式链接</h3><p>指把用于链接文件各物理块的指针，显式地存放在内存的一张链接表中，该表称为文件分配表（FAT)。<br>该表在整个磁盘仅设置一张。表的序号是物理盘块号，从0开始，直至N-1；N为盘块总数。在每个表项中存放链接指针，即下一个盘块号。<br>在该表中，凡是属于某一文件的第一盘块号，或者说每一条链的链首指针所对应的盘块号，均作为文件地址被填入相应文件的文件控制块（FCB）的“物理地址”中。</p>
<p><strong>优点</strong>：这样查找文件记录的过程是在内存中进行的，因而减少了访问磁盘的次数，提高了检索速度。</p>
<p><strong>问题</strong>：不能支持高效的直接存取。要对一个较大的文件进行直接存取，须首先在FAT中顺序地查找许多盘块号；FAT本身需占用较大的内存空间。</p>
<p><img  srcset="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20300'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src="https://api2.mubu.com/v3/document_image/ec0fa7fe-443a-4358-860d-fd8e33978a34-3807603.jpg" class="lozad post-image"src="https://api2.mubu.com/v3/document_image/ec0fa7fe-443a-4358-860d-fd8e33978a34-3807603.jpg"></p>
<h2 id="文件分配表（FAT）属于哪种分配？"><a href="#文件分配表（FAT）属于哪种分配？" class="headerlink" title="文件分配表（FAT）属于哪种分配？"></a>文件分配表（FAT）属于哪种分配？</h2><p>链接组织</p>
<h2 id="对空闲磁盘空间的管理常采用哪些方法？在-UNIX-中采取何种方法？"><a href="#对空闲磁盘空间的管理常采用哪些方法？在-UNIX-中采取何种方法？" class="headerlink" title="对空闲磁盘空间的管理常采用哪些方法？在 UNIX 中采取何种方法？"></a>对空闲磁盘空间的管理常采用哪些方法？在 UNIX 中采取何种方法？</h2><ul>
<li>对于大型文件系统， 空闲表和位示图法空间开销大</li>
<li>空闲链法一种隐性链接，虽然空间开销小，但时间开销大（空闲盘块/盘区的磁盘访问）</li>
<li>在UNIX系统中采用成组链接法。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="成组链接法"><a href="#成组链接法" class="headerlink" title="成组链接法"></a>成组链接法</h2><p>成组链接法实质是盘块组的隐性链接，通过空闲盘块号栈将当前一组空闲盘块信息放入内存，空闲盘块号栈是位于内存的空闲盘块索引表</p>
<h2 id="空闲盘块组织"><a href="#空闲盘块组织" class="headerlink" title="空闲盘块组织"></a>空闲盘块组织</h2><p>文件区中的所有空闲盘块，被分成若干组。例如，每100个盘块作为一组。<br>将每一组含有的盘块总数和该组所有的盘块号，记入其前一组的第一个盘块。<br><strong>闲盘块号栈</strong>：空闲盘块号栈存放当前可用的一组空闲块的盘块号及盘块数 N。栈必须互斥访问，N兼作栈顶指针。S.free(0)是栈底，S.free(N-1)是栈顶。</p>
<h2 id="分配和回收过程"><a href="#分配和回收过程" class="headerlink" title="分配和回收过程"></a>分配和回收过程</h2><h3 id="分配"><a href="#分配" class="headerlink" title="分配"></a>分配</h3><p>该过程首先检查空闲盘块号栈是否上锁，如未上锁，便从栈顶取出一空闲盘块号，将与之对应的盘块分配给用户，然后将栈顶指针下移一格。把栈中的空闲盘块数减1并返回。若该盘块号已是栈底， 即S.free(0)，这是当前栈中最后一个可分配的盘块号。由于在该盘块号所对应的盘块中记有下一组可用的盘块号，因此， 须调用磁盘读过程，将栈底盘块号所对应盘块的内容读入栈中，作为新的盘块号栈的内容，把原栈底对应的盘块分配出去(其中的有用数据已读入栈中)。</p>
<h3 id="回收"><a href="#回收" class="headerlink" title="回收"></a>回收</h3><p>在系统回收空闲盘块时，须调用盘块回收过程进行回收。它是将回收盘块的盘块号记入空闲盘块号栈的顶部，并执行空闲盘块数加1操作。当栈中空闲盘块号数目已达100时， 表示栈已满，便将现有栈中的100个盘块号， 记入新回收的盘块中，再将其盘块号作为新栈底。</p>
<h2 id="操作系统接口"><a href="#操作系统接口" class="headerlink" title="操作系统接口"></a>操作系统接口</h2><p><strong>操作系统接口分为</strong>：用户接口和程序接口（概念）。用户接口包括：命令接口、图形接口<br>程序接口是由一组系统调用组成。<br><strong>系统调用</strong>——是在 OS 核心设置的一组实现系统功能的子程序（过程），并将其提供给应用程序调用。</p>

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